Scientific reasons 2012

The event created by the Hollywood is really shameful for the human kind. Culprit never minds to put fear for their earning and familiarity of livelihood. Inculcating the publicity by declaring the false statement and projection should be banned by the international Laws.  There should be strict regulation against the assassin of human mental peace. Millions and millions people had been nervous with their fearful enigmas living. How the hale had so consciously planned to do so? Why he was not thought about the whole nations as well as for human kind. He must not so much selfish to intensify such commitment of terrible destruction, only just for his fictions stories publicity. How their nation has sanctioned such nonsense fiction movie? It is also true that how an individual can do well for the human kind, who has achieved all the pseudo and hypocrite education and knowledge.  Who so ever it concerns, it matters the people of the Globe, should not be exempted from punishment for the crime he has done by putting the all countries in terrible panic.

Asteroid/Meteor/Comet - ancient, advanced civilizations have one distinct advantage over us - they may have observed the skies for longer, and may have spotted an orbit that will culminate in a collision with Earth in 2012. This is easily the most predictable disaster for 2012. With recent discussion of "dark comets", we have become aware of the possibility of our planet being struck with little or no warning. Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) from our Sun - a CME was behind the solar storm of 1859. It occurred in September of that year, causing the failure of telegraph systems across North America and Europe. Accompanying the storm were auroras that are normally only seen in the Arctic and Antarctic, but were visible as far south as the Caribbean. Typically we would expect a storm of 1859's magnitude cause power blackouts and wreck satellites. But do we really know how big they can get? In 2009 NASA told us to be wary of solar storms, and warned of the dangers to America's ancient overloaded power grid. Being without power for a few months, in the developed world, is a lot more serious than most people realise.

Magnetic Pole Shift - pole reversals have been happening on average once every 400,000 years, with the most recent one being 730,000 years ago - so we are well overdue. Not only do we not know much about reversals, scientists are still unsure about how our magnetic field is generated. Long thought to be a by-product of the movements of liquid iron in our planet's core, recent studies are suggesting that our salty oceans might be the cause. Scientists suggest a geomagnetic reversal takes thousands of years and does no harm. They are wrong - it could just as easily happen overnight. No mechanism is known for the cause of the magnetic poles swapping places. Our magnetic field is known to be rapidly declining (10% in the last 150 years), and the magnetic North pole is moving around at an accelerating pace - it has been predicted it will move from Canada to Siberia in the next 50 years. These changes could be indicating an imminent reversal.

Explosion from the black hole at the center of our galaxy - in 1983 Dr Paul LaViolette described the dangers of a Galactic core explosion. He explained that it would generate a cosmic ray superwave, and it would be signalled by a gamma ray burst (see below). He also warned us that a gravity wave might travel ahead of the superwave. If seems likely that the 2004 tsunami was caused by a gravity wave, because the accompanying GRB arrived just 21 hours later, and was the brightest ever observed, 100 times brighter than any other seen in recorded history. This gravity wave did not come from our galactic center, but if it had, perhaps the effects would have been much worse.

Religious Apocalypse - or rapture, or "judgment day". Most religions predict such a day. Conspiracy theorists suggest that many world leaders have apocalyptic beliefs, and may even be attempting to cause Biblical prophecy to be fulfilled in 2012 via their actions. If it helps, the Bible says “But of that day and hour knoweth no one, not even the angels of heaven, neither the Son, but the Father only.” But then again, maybe God changed his mind since the Bible was written, and told some people the date of the apocalypse? Maybe he told the ancient Mayans? Possibilities could be argued ad infinitum. Alien Invasion - no evidence, but plenty of believers! Tied in with this are recent crop circles that have 2012 and Mayan themes. If aliens are the creators of crop circles, then one would expect the circles to be a warning of sorts.

Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) - a 2004 study told us that a GRB from a distance of just one kiloparsec could destroy half of Earth's ozone layer. It suggests that historical mass extinctions may have been caused by GRBs. NASA explains how "gamma-ray radiation from a relatively nearby star explosion, hitting the Earth for only ten seconds, could deplete up to half of the atmosphere's protective ozone layer. Recovery could take at least five years. With the ozone layer damaged, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun could kill much of the life on land and near the surface of oceans and lakes, and disrupt the food chain."

Crustal Displacement - a physical pole shift. The mechanism is not understood, and most theories are just wild guesses. However it seems quite likely we had one 12,000 years ago, and what goes around, comes around. Charles Hapgood provided substantial evidence for a pole shift at that time, and Allan and Delair have added to it in their book Cataclysm!: Compelling Evidence of a Cosmic Catastrophe in 9500 B.C. Take into account that Albert Einstein endorsed Hapgood's ideas, and we have something to worry about. Cosmic Rays - scientists have yet to work out where most high-energy cosmic rays come from. Either an increase striking our atmosphere, or a weakening of our shields, will let in more cosmic rays. They are already zipping through your body every second, and they could end up being our silent killers. As one example of their danger, airlines do not let pregnant women work on their inter-continental routes, because of the increased exposure to cosmic rays at those heights.

Flu Pandemic - it might not be swine flu, but flu researchers say a deadly pandemic is not a case of if, but when. Our generation is generally unaware of how bad the pandemic of 1918 was - it killed 50 million people. It was the number one cause of death amongst soldiers in WW1. Being killed by the enemy came second. Nuclear War / WW3 / Biological War - although the Cold War is over, and less bunkers are being built, the threat is still very real. Tensions between the Koreas, and India & Pakistan are worrisome, as are the huge bunkers that the Russians have built. The Yamantau complex is large enough to protect 60,000 people!

Supervolcano - these are real, they have caused great catastrophes in the past, and we have no idea when the next eruption will be. Some believe Yellowstone could explode again soon, as it has been exhibiting signs of unrest, with earthquake swarms, ground deformation and considerable heat and gas emissions. It it did erupt, expect half of the USA to be wiped out, and major variations in global climate for many years. For more information, watch documentaries by the BBC and Discovery Channel. Rise of the Machines - somewhere between Terminator and I Robot is an easy prediction: robots one day will have the capacity to rule the world. Global Warming - it will only take an increase of a couple of degrees to make life very difficult for most humans. Luckily for us, it is unlikely to wipe us out as early as 2012.

Time Travel Error - someone from the future ventures into our past and causes a conflict in the time-space continuum... if it causes us harm in 2012, maybe someone managed to zip back in time and warn the ancients of it? Nanotechnology - while this might have health concerns when used in everyday products (ie sunscreen), the doomsday risk is when self-replicating little thingies are developed. Search for "grey goo". Fortunately 2012 seems too soon for some mad scientist to let the goo loose. Nearby Supernova - experts say that no supernova candidates are close enough to harm us. But how many supernovas have they observed? This is where, after the fact, scientists proclaim "but of course!" Genetic Modification - we blindly take vaccinations, and we might be sheep when it comes to "gene therapy" as well. Our desire to live longer might just be our undoing.

Nuclear Accident - nothing is foolproof. We've had such accidents in the past, and a bigger accident is totally possible. Hard for the ancients to predict, though. Ice Age - right now the buzz is about "global warming", yet a mere thirty years ago we were worried about an impending Ice Age. There is evidence that parts of our climate system work more like a switch than a dial, and if a certain level of temperature is reached, it may cause what is known as "abrupt climate change". See the movie "The Day After Tomorrow" for how it might work. Solar System Falls Apart (butterfly effect) - to the best of our knowledge, everything is OK for a long, long time. However simulations have shown how Mercury could cause Earth and Mars to collide a few billion years from now. But throw a stray comet or Planet X into the mix, and our solar system could turn into a catastrophic pinball machine any old time.

Large Hadron Collider - scientists tinkering with something they think they understand the risks of, but what if there's a 0.000001% chance their black hole calculations are wrong? Is it worth the risk? Originally we were told by CERN scientists that it was impossible for a black hole (that might gobble up the entire planet) to be created by the LHC, because it "would decay before it had the chance to do any damage". This has recently been updated to "the growth of black holes to catastrophic size does not seem possible.”

2012 or 2013

It has come to my attention that many people do not believe that some event in the years 2012 to 2013 will happen. Once I realized this, I chose to find out why so many folks didn't believe. It is my conclusion that many have experienced this so called dooms day eventuality during the past and it never happened. There are two events that have been determined by scientists that will happen.

First, the realignment of the Earth, Sun, and the Milky Way galaxy in the very near future will occur. What will precisely happen and to what extent, none of the scientists essentially can pin down, but what they do know is this. In the next 5 years the Earth, Sun, and the center of the Milky Way galaxy will realign after 26,000 years. This realignment will have some effect on Earth, but to what extent scientists cannot identify. There's no written history of events that happened 26,000 years back to verify how in depth the end result will be. The sole archeological find that scientists can use is the Mayan calendar, but the Mayan civilization wasn't even in existence 26,000 gone so the accuracy of the calendar hasn't been determined. So be wary of what you listen to over the web, most of what you hear and see is only used to frighten folks. The facts are only this, the realignment of the big three and that civilization will continue to exist since we are still hear from the last alignment.

2nd, the passing of our tenth Planet crosses between the orbit of the Earth and Sun. On Dec. 30th 1983, astronomers found a new planet using the IRUS telescope. This planet is approximately the size of Jupiter, has a particularly long orbit, and only shows itself each 3,500 to 3,600 years. This so called 10th Planet isn't speculated nor has NASA researcher and astronomers around the world didn't determine its existence. This planet is determined and is of great concern to the states around the planet. What will happen when this planet comes close to Earth, scientists cannot establish. It'll have some result on Earth and our existence but will not wipe out human kind. We are still here from the last time and we'll be here the next time.

Mayan culture

The Maya civilization was one of the grandest in the history of the world and the reason for its collapse is still shrouded in mystery. The ancient Maya occupied a vast geographic area in Central and South America from around 2000 BC until 1500 AD. The Mayan culture extended to parts of what is now Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador, and most of Guatemala and Belize. During the Classical Period which lasted from the third to the ninth century, Maya civilization built awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities and formed a complex social and political order. Many of the remnants in Tikal reveal the culture of this ancient civilization. The Mayan culture excelled in many different fields, and testaments of their achievements are found throughout the area. 

Today descendents of the old Maya, or the Indigenous as the are locally referred to, account for more than 50% of the Guatemalan population. Their present culture is vibrant and thriving, best shown by the many traditionally dressed woman and children seen along the streets in the entire country. Weaving is one of the outstanding Maya craft, an ancient art that has survived uninterrupted for centuries and is now becoming famous all over the world. The Maya also make baskets, pottery and wood carved of animals, saints and brightly-painted toys and chests. Chichicastenango hosts the traditional handicrafts market every Thursday and Sunday and a more typical Mayan market can be experienced every Saturday in Solola on the way to Lake Atitlan. 


The First Hemispheric Indigenous Education Conference was held in Guatemala in July 2001. The conference brought together various aspects of education for indigenous communities of America and facilitated participant's exchange of experiences, practical knowledge, and educational materials that are relevant to the development of bilingual, intercultural education in their respective countries.

Olmec history

In Mexico, archeologists and scientists (see Sitchin, ancientamerican.com) have found the most ancient calendar from Mexico dating back to exactly 3113 years B.C. and connected with an African civilization of ancient Mexico called the Olmec or Xi (Shee) Civilization.

The ancient Olmecs of Mexico and Central America were a facinating people. Upon the discovery of collosal stone heads in Mexico during the early part of the twentieth Century, there was no doubt that the facial features and hair texture (including cornrows) represented in the collosal Olmec sculpture represented Africoid people. Yet, for many decades, some archeologists and scientists have described what is obviously Negroid-featured sculpture as "baby-faced," "South-East Asian" "Jaguar-featured," and other terms used to cover-up their African Negroid identity.

Some historians and scientists, archeologists and others have for centuries covered up and made insignificant historical findings that show an African creation or connection to many of the world's first civilizations. Such has been the case in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Moorish Spain, Shang and Shia China, and Mexico. The denial of the contributions to ancient civillizations and the systematic cover-up was and is based on the maintainance of the myth of Black/African inferiority which was established in Europe and the Americas to make slavery acceptable, and established in India by the infiltrators of the ancient civilization of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in order to claim that the ancestors of India's Black Dalits (Untouchables) had no civilization (see "The Black Untouchables of India," by Y.N. Kly, V.T. Rajshekar and Runoko Rashidi: Clarity Press, Atlanta, Georgia).

Today, the denial of Black history and achievements to world culture continues through propaganda techniques such as accusing Black historians and Afro-centric writers as being "politically correct," if they refuse to accept the notion developed during the period of colonialism and slavery, that Blacks have no history. Yet, the facts when presented seem to have no effect on the distractors, including those who had to admit they made errors when they attempted to deny what was and is the obvious and overwhelming evidence of the creation and contributions to culture and civilization by Africans/Blacks around the world.

The discovery of an ancient calendar in Mexico connected to the Olmec civilization and dating back to 3113 years B.C., the date given for the beginning of an advanced culture in Mexico, has actually shocked many historians and archeologists. In fact, reports point out that the Mexican authorities were "embarrassed," by the findinigs because they placed Olmec civilization as beginning about 1200 years B.C. The discovery of the calendar pushes the dates back to 3113 years Before Christ, according to Sitchin. The book, "A History of the African-Olmecs," published by 1stbooks Library, is the most complete and most facinating and intriguing book ever written on the Black Olmec civilization of ancient Meso-America. The books lays out the facts concerning the true origins of the Olmecs in Africa, with migrations from China and other parts of the Old World.

According to studies and research conducted by Clyde Winters, the Olmecs were Africans from the Mandinka region of West Africa. They used the Mende script to write and they spoke the Mende language, the same language spoken by Cinque in the movie 'Amistad'. The Mende script found on monuments at Monte Alban in Mexico, has been deciphered and it was found to be identical to the Mende script used in West Africa. Afterwards, the language was found to be the very same language spoken by the Mende of West Africa.

One of the most important connections made to show that the Olmecs were West Africans is the very strong similarities in race between the Olmecs and West Africans and the ancient Nubians. In fact, during a scientific conference held years ago, West African scientists identified Olmec artworkd and representations of Africoid peoples as West African. The Africans also identified cultural traits such as ear plugs, scarification marks and keloid tatoos on the skin and face, cornrows, braids and tassels and even afro hairstyle as West African. Moreover, according to Ivan Van Sertima (African Presene in Early America), giant heads of stone to represent important people in Africa was being done in the present era as well as in ancient Egypt and Nubia.

The 22 or more collosal stone heads carved out of solid basalt rock has identifiable Black African in racial features as well as cultural traits like cornrow hairstyle, braids with beads and kinky hair as well as a type of war helmet identified as Nubian have been found carved in Colosal Olmec sculpture connecting them to West Africa and the Egypt/Sudan region. Hundreds of clay and terracota busts, statuettes and figurines also show Black African racial and cultural traits. For example, scarification marks and keloid tatoos identical to those worn by West Africans and Sudanese Africans can be seen on some Olmec busts and terracota heads. Kinky hair, cornrows, braids are also represented (see African Presence in Early America, by Ivan Van Sertima; Transaction Publishers.

The Olmec are known as the Xi People, a group that migrated from Africa. Another group of people who joined the Olmes were the Black Xia of China. According to historians such as Wayne B. Chandler (African Presence in Early America), two of China's earliest dynaties, the Shang and the Shia, were both heavily Black African/Black Oceanic dynasties, with Mongol Chinese as well. They dominated China about 2800 B.C. to 1100 B.C. As early as 2200 B.C., members of the Black Shia began migrating out of China after they were replaced by the Black Shang Dynasty. The book, "A History of the African-Olmecs presents many references from Chinese sources to support the fact of Black civilizations in ancient China.

About 1100 B.C., migrants from northern China predominated by Mongoloids called Chou, invaded the Chang Kingdom and described the Chang as "black and oily skinned." During that period many of the Black Chang migrated to Southern China, Indo-China and the Pacific Islands. Others went to the Americas, where they met an established Black Mende culture in Mexico.

The African-Olmecs also had religious practices identical to that of West Africans according to "A History of the African-Olmecs," (published by 1stbooks Library, 2959 Vernal Pike, Bloomington, Indiana 47404 U.S.A ww.1stbooks.com ) Olmec religions included the use of shamen, the recognition of the Venus planet complex, the use of the ax as a prop in the worship of the Thunder God and the importance of children in their religion. In the African religion of Shango, shamen are used. In fact, a statuette of an Oni or Priest-king of ancient Nigeria falls in line with the description of the Olmec Shamen given by early American archeologists in the Olmec region of Mexico.

In the Shango religion of Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Brazil and other parts of African-Americas, the very same religion as practiced by the Olmecs is still practiced. As for Africa, the Venus complex is studied by the Ono and Bambara, both accomplished seamen who usd to sail the once sea-covered Sahara and the Atlantic. The Dogon of Mali specialize in the study of the Sirius star system and are experts in their accuracy and charting methods, without any telecopes. The use of the ax and its connection to the worship of the Thunder God was also connected to the Olmecs. Both the Olmecs of Mexico and West Africans practiced religions that included children playing a significant part.

There is overwhelming evidence in all areas that the first civilization in Mexico was influenced tremendously by Africans from West Africa and Nubia/Egypt. All cultural and racial connections show this importand and crucial fact. There is also a connection with the early Black and Mongoloid dynasties of ancient Shia and Shang Dynasty China, whose prehhistoric origins is said to be Mesopotamia during the Kushite dynasties and Kushite Sudan.

The statue of an ancient Nigerian Oni or Priest-king dating back thousands of years shows him holding religious artefacts that have been found among Olmec priests who are holding identical artefacts in the very same manner. A large stone statue of a Negroid character at the San Augustine Culture site in Colombia, South America, also show the same items in the hands of the statue.

Apart from the Olmecs, a number of other Black cultures and civilizations have been found to have existed in the Americas before Columbus and thousands of years before Christ. The book, "A History of the African-Olmecs," lists them as well as those who personally excavated, explored or spoke to the remnants of these early American Blacks of ancient African and Pacific Ocean origins. The naturalist and author, I. Rafinesque (pp. 121, 186-187, 194, 208-209 lists many such Black nations in his work, "The Black Nations of America," (Atlantic Journal and Friend Knowledge; Philadelphia 1832/1833; p. 86. Some of these nations include the Washitaw of the Louisiana Territories who owned millions of acres of land, the Guale and Jamassee of the South-eastern U.S., the Black Caliornians of California and the South-western U.S.

A number of pre-Columbian Black nations also come from Latin America. There are the Afro-Darienite of Panama, the Choco of Columbia who like other Black Columbians and Black Latin Americans, are the victims of some of the most putrid forms of racism practiced today, including India's castism againt Black Untouchables.

Aztec history

The Aztecs were a Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. They called themselves Mexica. The Republic of Mexico and its capital, Mexico City, derive their names from the word "Mexica". The capital of the Aztec empire was Tenochtitlan, built on raised island in Lake Texcoco. Mexico City is built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The Spanish colonization of the Americas reached the mainland during the reign of Huey Tlatoani , Moctezuma II (Montezuma II). In 1521 Hernan Cortés and an allied army of American Indians that far outnumbered the defending Aztecs, conquered the Aztecs through germ warfare, siege warfare, psychological warfare, and direct combat.

The center of the Aztec civilization was the Valley of Mexico, a huge, oval basin about 7,500 feet above sea level. The Aztec empire included many cities and towns, especially in the Valley of Mexico. The largest city in the empire was the capital, Tenochtitlan. The early settlers built log rafts, then covered them with mud and planted seeds to create roots and develop more solid land for building homes in this marshy land. Canals were also cut out through the marsh so that a typical Aztec home had its back to a canal with a canoe tied at the door.

The story of the Aztecs' rise to power is awe inspiring one, and is one of the most remarkable stories in world history. They were a relatively unknown group of people who came into the Valley of Mexico during the 12th and 13th century A.D., and rose to be the greatest power in the Americas by the time the Spaniards arrived, in the 16th century. Little is known of the earliest Aztecs, they did not keep a written record. Their history was passed on by word of mouth from one generation to the next. Legend has it that they came from an Island called Aztlan, meaning White Place - Place of Herons. In the Aztec codex Tira de la Peregrinacion, commonly called the Migration Scrolls. The scrolls have the Aztecs leaving Aztlan, which was described as an island in a lake with Chicomoztoc depicted as seven temples in the center of the island. The Aztecs felt they were the "chosen people" of Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs believed Huitzilopochtli their war god was their protector, how had them search for their promised land.
 
Sometime during the 12th & 13th century the Aztecs straggled into the Valley of Mexico, led by their chieftain Tenoch. They were a poor, ragged people who survived on vermin, snakes, and stolen food. They were hatred and rejected by all the surrounding inhabitants of the valley, for their barbarous and uncultured habits. They were driven from one location to another. Early in the 14th century, Huitzilopochtli told Tenoch to lead his people to a place of refuge on a swampy island in Lake Texcoco. When they reached their destination, they were to look for an eagle perched on a cactus, growing from a rock or cave surrounded by water. At that location, they were to build their city and honor Huitzilopochtli with human sacrifices. The city they built was called Tenochtitlán, the city of Tenoch.

In the beginning stages of Tenochtitlán, development, Aztec life was very difficult in their undesirable location. Tenochtitlán was located on a marshy island with limited resources, they built a few thatch and mud huts, and some small temples. The Aztecs would have to work constantly to maintain a city on swampy land. There was also continuing tensions between the Aztecs and the neighboring peoples on the mainland who despised them. Despite these obstacles, the Aztecs worked hard to improve the quality of their lives. They adopted an agricultural system of farming called the Chinampas. and in a short period of time, the land was transformed into a fertile and highly productive island.

As the Aztec empire expanded, specialized craftsmen and common laborers were brought to Tenochtitlán to expand the city. Since it was built on swamp land, large wooden stakes were driven into the soft ground to provide secure foundations for the new buildings. They were able to use the stone Tezontli to construct the buildings on the unstable ground. Despite these precautions, the larger temples and palaces would often sink below ground level. As a result, the older building were continuously repaired or rebuilt with the newer structures built over the older core.

By 1376, the Aztecs knew that they had to select a emperor of royal lineage, to gain respect of their neighbors. With political genius, they chose a man by the name of Acamapichtli as their emperor. He was related to the last rulers of Culhuacán, and his lineage extended back in time to the great Toltec ruler Quetzalcóatl. With the selection of Acamapichtli as the Aztecs first true emperor, their were able to claim descendancy from the great Toltecs. During the 15th century the military strength of the Aztecs increased. They grew from a small tribe of mercenaries into a powerful and highly disciplined military force. They also formed alliances with their powerful neighbors Texcoco and Tacuba, known as the Triple Alliance. It was a time for building and the city Tenochtitlán grow and prospered.


By the end of Tenochtitlans rule, in 1520, 38 conquered tributary provinces had been made, who had to make payments. However, some of the tribes at the borders stayed strongly independent. This made it easy for the Spanish captain, Cortez to defeat them. The priests reported signs of doom, but Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, thought Cortez was a returning god. When the Spanish saw the gold presents Montezuma offered to them as presents, they wanted to conquer the city. The Spanish defeated the Aztecs and the Catholics felt that it was their duty to destroy every trace of the Aztecs. The few Aztecs that remain have carried on their culture today.

Inca culture

The Inca Empire was easily one of the most impressive civilizations to ever rise in the Americas. Beginning as a tribe roughly around the year 1200 AD, the Inca culture would flourish in the Andes Mountains, extending its reach throughout the mountains of Peru, and into the present day countries of Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile. The 1532 Battle of Cajamarca essentially marked an end to the short-lived Inca Empire, but the impact they made in that small window of time continues to be one of Peru’s most enduring attractions. From their ruins, to the Peru museums that house their artifacts, visitors can gain an appreciation of how advanced the Inca were. Their modern-day descendants, many of whom speak the Inca Quechua language and live much like their forefathers, are among the most interesting native peoples in the world, if not the friendliest. Their handcrafted wares make for some of the best Peru souvenirs, and their music inspires a most magical Andes Mountains soundtrack.

The history of the Inca begins in myth with the arrival of the first Inca king, Manco Capac, who was borne from the sun god, Inti, on an island in Lake Titicaca. Manco Capac would found the Inca Civilization in Cusco, and the city would remain the all important capital of this great civilization. 11 Inca rulers would follow Manco Capac, among them Pachacutec, who is generally credited for founding the actual Inca Empire. Pachacutec began to vastly expand the Inca Empire in and around the year 1438. By this point, the original Inca tribe had grown into pre-Columbian America’s largest empire. In Cusco, you can see ruins from the palaces that were built for the sixth and eight Inca rulers, and remnants from the reigning period of Pachacutec include the Qoricancha in Cusco, the Ollantaytambo and Pisac fortresses, and Machu Picchu. These ruins are all found in and around the Sacred Valley, which was an area of the Andes Mountains that the Inca especially revered, due in part to its beauty and its climate.

In the early 1500"s, the Inca Empire had come to cover most of civilized South America, but when the Inca ruler, Huayna Capac, died before naming a successor, his sons, Huascar and Atahualpa commenced a civil war of sorts. Also during this time, smallpox had reached the empire from Central America, and those who brought it, The Spanish Conquistadors, weren’t far behind. Francisco Pizarro, a most significant name when it comes to the history of the Incas, first reached Inca territory in the year 1526, and upon his return to Spain in 1529, he received permission from the crown to return and conquer the Inca regions. By 1532 AD, Atahualpa had succeeded in effectively conquering his brother, and his base was the northern Peru highlands city of Cajamarca. The 1532 Battle of Cajamarca, which saw Pizarro and his men overwhelm the Inca forces, is one of the most notable moments in South American history, let alone the history of the Inca. Atahualpa, who refused to convert to Christianity, was imprisoned in Cajamarca. After the Spanish seized his gold and silver, he was killed. The Inca Empire was essentially over, and Atahualpa’s brother, Manco Inca Yupanqui, made a failed attempt to re-seize Cusco in 1536. Manco Inca did manage to successfully hold off the Spanish after retreating to the Ollantaytambo fortress. His 1536 stand marks the most successful Inca defense against Spanish forces.

The Inca culture permeates Peru to the present day, and it is impossible to visit Peru and not notice how attached the country is to its Inca roots. The Inca ruins of Peru are perhaps most responsible for attracting curious visitors, most of whom come to see majestic Machu Picchu. The Sacred Valley, with the towns of Pisac and Ollantaytambo, is a place rich with Inca ruins, and the Sun Temple of Machu Picchu displays their reverence for the sun. The sun was the basis for the Inca religion, and among the top Peru festivals, Inti Raymi, is dedicated to the sun god, Inti. Inca ruins aren’t only found in and around Cusco however. In Cajamarca, you can visit Inca ruins, and in nearby Tucume Peru, you can join one of the tours that visits the Inca pyramids. According to some, the Tucume Inca pyramids comprise the most interesting excavation site in the Americas, though that designation is surely up for debate. While brushing up on the history of the Incas is a good idea before getting to Peru, you will have plenty of chances to learn all about it when you get there. Chances are you will be just as fascinated with Inca culture as are the proud Peruvians.

Mayan history

The Maya are probably the best-known of the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. Mayan history starts in the Yucatan around 2600 B.C., Mayan history rose to prominence around A.D. 250 in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, western Honduras, El Salvador, and northern Belize. Building on the inherited inventions and ideas of earlier civilizations such as the Olmec, the Maya developed astronomy, calendrical systems and hieroglyphic writing. The Maya were noted as well for elaborate and highly decorated ceremonial architecture, including temple-pyramids, palaces and observatories, all built without metal tools.

Mayan history shows that they were also skilled farmers, clearing large sections of tropical rain forest and, where groundwater was scarce, building sizeable underground reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Maya were equally skilled as weavers and potters, and cleared routes through jungles and swamps to foster extensive trade networks with distant peoples. Many people believe that the ancestors of the Maya crossed the Bering Strait at least 20,000 years ago. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers. Evidence of settled habitation in Mexico is found in the Archaic period 5000-1500 BC - corn cultivation, basic pottery and stone tools.

The first true civilization was established with the rise of the Olmecs in the Pre-Classic period 1500 BC -300 AD. The Olmecs settled on the Gulf Coast, and little is known about them. They are regarded as the inventors of many aspects of Meso-American cultures including the first calendar and hieroglyphic writing in the Western hemisphere. Archeologists have not settled the relationship between the Olmecs and the Maya, and it is a mystery whether the Maya were their descendants, trading partners, or had another relationship, that is white place in Mayan history. It is agreed that the Maya developed a complex calendar and the most elaborate form of hieroglyphics in America, both based on the Olmec's versions.

The Maya Cosmic Prophecy

Maya Scholars, in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and North America, have been watching with amusement and dismay as self-styled experts proclaim that ancient Maya prophets foretold an earth-shattering happening to occur December 21, 2012. This predicted phenomenon gets described in contradictory but often cataclysmic fashion--as an ecological collapse, a sunspot storm, a rare cosmic conjunction of the earth, sun, and the galactic center, a new and awesome stage of our evolution, and even a sudden reversal of the Earth's magnetic field which will erase all our computer drives.

One even predicts the earth's initiation into a Galactic Federation, whose elders have been accelerating our evolution with a "galactic beam" for the last 5000 years. In sum, the world as we know it will suddenly come to a screeching halt. These predictions are alleged to be prophecies by so-called "Ancient Mayans" whose "astronomically precise" calendar supposedly terminates on that date. According to such accounts, these mysterious Maya geniuses appeared suddenly, built an extraordinary civilization, designed in it clues for us, and then suddenly, inexplicably, vanished, as if they had completed their terrestrial mission. These same experts claim special credibility for the Maya prophecies by asserting that these historic sages, with their possible extraterrestrial origins, had tapped into an astonishing esoteric wisdom.

Other stories

Other stories predicting disaster in 2012 says that the new planet, many described as Planet X, a planet / comet (unreasonable), or the planet "Nibiru" will pass close to Earth causing earthquakes and tidal waves and all sorts of destruction , perhaps even turning the earth completely reversed. These are urban legends that have been around for a long time, but for most of the stories of history, this should be happening in the month of May 2003, as any Internet search for "Planet X" will reveal. Apparently what happens is that Planet X supporters, perhaps ashamed or disappointed that 2003 passed without incident, heard about a much more popular story of the Mayan calendar, and decided that 2012 is close enough to 2003 that have the correct date and that the destruction of Planet X Maya may be what is predicted. Legend of the Planet X begins by misinterpretation of astronomical observations, combined with the ancient Sumerian carvings that have been mistakenly interpreted to describe a solar system with ten planets. Why the craftsmen who make carvings on the ancient Sumerian should be considered to have knowledge of the planets are superior to modern astronomy is not convincingly argued. If you are interested in any real science behind the Planet X story, there's no better resource than Phil Plaits's "Bad Astronomy" blog, which went into all the facts, rumors, and sources in detail.

This is one reason people are afraid of 2012. Around 500 years ago, Copernicus Hipparchus confirmed what has been observed in 2200 BC: the axis of the Earth, which rested on the 23.5 °, to complete a full rotation every 25,765 years. This means that in 12,000 years, Christmas will come to Australia in the winter and the northern hemisphere would describe Santa in Bermuda shorts. Astrologers call this period the Great Year, and they were divided into 12 of the month or astrological "old", each about 2147 years old. Every day in accordance with one of the signs of the zodiac. We are in the Age of Pisces, and like the song says, we will soon enter the Age of Aquarius. According to the official delineations from the edge of the modern constellations, we will move into a new era in the year 2600. But there are some disagreements, and some places it on the astrologer in 2595, 2654, or 2638. Some put it much earlier, soon after 2150 or even 2062. However, after news broke about the Mayan calendar, the majority of people leaving the constellation astrology official definition and stated that the Age of Aquarius will begin in the year 2012. So, you can call this the three main reasons why the world will end in 2012, but you have horrible loose with astrology, and you also have to think of several reasons why the dawn of the Age of Aquarius may be brought at the end of the world. I have not found any plausible claim to what may have this effect.

So that's a lot of reasons, weak, though they may be, to predict that we will all die in the year 2012. However, there is one important fact that all the doomsayers seem to forget 2012: Despite all 2012-ish variety of predictions for the end of the world, there are far more stories of doom with a different date. For example, the popular interpretation of Nostradamus to find predictions for the end of the world in July 1999, December 1999, June 2002, and October 2005. This also has said that his writing could mean dead will rise from their graves in the 2000, 2007, or 7000 years. Nostradamus never said anything about 2012.

Many Protestant Christians believe that the end of the world will come in the form of what they call the Rapture, when the righteous will all be taken to heaven. Shaker believe the Rapture will come in the year 1792. Seventh Day Adventist first calculated it would happen in 1843, then when nothing happened, they found errors in their calculations and corrected to 1844. Jehovah's Witnesses make firm predictions for the years 1918, 1925, 1941, 1975, 1984, and 1994. A book was published in 1988 called 88 Reasons the Rapture is in 1988. Some biblical scholars found firm evidence that the biblical Rapture will occur in October 2005. Thousands of Koreans gave all the money and their possessions in preparation for the Rapture on October 28, 1992. Even Sir Isaac Newton made the calculation based on the Scriptures that show the Rapture can not occur before 2060. Some Jewish scholars place the "end of days" through Armageddon in the year 2240. I can not find the 2012 mentioned in this story.

In fact, James Randi's magnum opus publication of An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural lists 44 different end of the world predictions that all came and went was not satisfied. Why do we have to think that the legend of 2012 different? Any examination of the science behind each story, even glib examination, revealed a complete logical foundation. Planet X is only a story, which is the most easily faked as concrete depend on astronomical observations that proved false, the proposed mechanism offers to exactly how this "end of the world" to be achieved, the suspect gravitational collapse. Both the Mayan calendar, or the Age of Aquarius people, has offered any claims to how or why the world will end, only that their particular legend points to a rollover in some ancient calendar. My calendar rolls over every time the ball dropped in New York, and I have not seen this planet of natural disaster, except those who have to mop out drunk at the NYPD's.

Many people tend to put more faith in the ancient neolithic tradition than in the observations of modern science. There is nothing wrong with learning and respect for our predecessors' history for what it is, but when you turn things over and began to believe that scientific knowledge is only decreased the natural world from time to time, you're not doing anyone favors.

What is Doomsday?

Some call it the Day of Resurrection while others call it the end of the day. So what does this mean? Well, for starters, things will change in 2012. Ancient Maya left the code that clearly shows something fierce and apocalyptic is near when their calendar ended. Most analysts believe the code is translated Maya December 21, 2012. 

According to the Maya code, there are 5 major cycles of time, which has passed 4. Each cycle lasted 5125 years, with major damage in the earth and all living things are happening at their end. Now, most of this information comes from what scholars have translated the Maya code, flying machines and calendars. Code predicts that the total destruction of the earth and human beings (the universe) when the big cycle now reaching the end of the thirteenth Baktun this. 

What is known is that we now live in (near the end) of the five major cycles - one in which the Maya live, only 500-4500 years ago. This cycle began in 3114 BC, and ended in December 2012. The driving force behind the doomsday prophecies are Mayan Long Count Calendar. After using three significant calendar, the Long Count Calendar is an extension of the 52-year Calendar Round. 

However, as the Mayans were clever astronomer, there are many prediction of accuracy in astronomy. For example, the earth will be aligned with the galactic plane on December 21, 2012 - something that proved even to this day. This even happens once every 26,000 years. Threats such as Planet X (also known as Nibiru) entered our solar system, timewave zero, asteroids strikes, solar flares, and the polar shift that destroyed all methods to bring sense in Armageddon. 

On the other hand is safer, a New Age has come, says the human race will have the option to enter a period of peace and understanding. More from the viewpoint of astrology, spiritual understanding of this will be considered in need of a new era of positive living. This shift in global consciousness, supported by New Age beliefs that have been re-describe Maya civilization and the confused even the modern humanity, is called Mayanism. Maya is very aware of months, the sun and the cycles of galaxies and the sun continued to rely on God for survival. Most of their culture destroyed by the Spanish during the Inquisition. But what was not destroyed prophesied scientific astronomical events that will happen.